Rat Dissection

Website: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/anatomy-of-rat.html
The rat belongs to the class Mammalia and is in subphylum Vertebrata.
External:

• head
• neck
• chest
• pectoral (the place where the forelegs attach)
• abdomen
• pelvic (the place where the hindlegs attach)
• tail

Internal:

• liver
• stomach
• spleen
• small intestine
• pancreas
• large intestine(also called colon)
• cecum (structure beween small and large intestine)
• rectum
• kidneys
• ureter (tube that connects kidney to bladder)
• urinary bladder
• male reproductive:
• testes
• seminal vesicles
• prostate gland
• penis
• female reproductive:
• uterine horns (below the kidney)
• oviduct (tiny tube that connects uterine horn to ovary)
• ovary

Bullfrog Dissection

Website: http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/bullfrog/bullfrog-external.html
Bullfrogs:

• are in class Amphibia
•  main diet is insects
• tetrapods (use four legs)
• aquatic and terrestrial

External:

• limbs: attached to side
• 2 forelimbs (4 fingers) and 2 hindlimbs (5 webbed toes-adapted for swimming)
• Skin: thin and smooth, helps the frog breathe
• Eyes-large (adapted so that they can spot insects)
• nictiating membrane: transparent eyelid that keeps the eyes clean without blocking the frog's vision
• Tympanic membrane (external eardrum)
• picks up vibrations from water or air (sound)
• ampliphies the sound the frog makes (mating)
• external nares (nostrils) and internal nares (opening inside-found at roof of mouth)
• 3 sets of teeth:
• premaxillary (along middle)
• maxillary (along sides)
• vomerine (roof of mouth)
• Glottis: slit where air passes in and out of the larynx (voice box)
• Vocal Sacs:
• Eustachian tubes: connect to the middle ear-helps equalize pressure when frog dives into water

Internal:
Website: http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/notes-frog.html

• Liver: large with 3 lobes, makes bile (breaks down fat, aids in digestion)
• Gall Bladder: bile from liver is stored here
• Esophagus: tube that leads to the stomach
• Stomach: breaks down food
• Small intestine: absorb nutrients from food
• Large intestine: collects waste, absorbs water
• Rectum: opens into cloaca
• Fat bodies: yellow strictures (finger-like projections)
• Pancreas: makes insulin (aids in digestion), light-coloured lobed organ
• Spleen: stores blood, deep red, round organ
• Kidney: filter blood, flattened reddish organs
• Adrenal Glands: yellow bandlike organs on ventral surface of kidney
• Archinephric Ducts: carry urine and sperm in male
• Bladder: thin, translucent sac
• Testes: make sperm
• Cloaca: where eggs, sperm, urine and feces exit
• Ovaries: makes egg
• Oviducts: where eggs travel through, long white coils
• ovisac: holds eggs prior to spawning
• Right atrium:
• Left atrium:
• Ventricle:
• Truncus arteriosus:
• Posterior vena cava:
• Sinus venosus:
• Systemic circuit:
• Pulmonary circuit:
• Lungs:

Perch Dissection

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/animal-kingdom/fishes/bony-fish/anatomy-perch.php

External:

Internal:

• air/swim bladder: flexible, air-filled sac, allows it to stay buoyant at a certain depth
• kidney: elimintate waste

• esophagus: carries food to the stomach
• pharynx:
• mouth:
• heart: helps blood circulate
• liver: helps digestion
• intestine: part if the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus-nutrients are absorbed and the waste is transformed into fecal matter
• stomach: recieves food to be digested
• anus: gets rid of fecal matter
• eyes:
• gills:

Land Lubber Grasshopper Disection

http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/arthropoda.html 

There are 3 classes in the Subphylum Uniramia (Phylum Arthropodia):

1. Insecta (Insects)
2. Chilopoda (Centipedes)
3. Diplopoda (Millipedes)

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg16.htm

External Structures:

  



front legs and antennae

• 2 compound eyes that consist of many simple visual units called ommatidia, 1 simple eye
 



Eye of our grasshopper


• can see ultra violet wave lengths
• antennae
• Mouth:
• labrum
• labia
• mandibles




back leg that is used for jumping


• maxillae (maxillary and labia palps are used for tasting)
• hypopharynx
• exoskeleton
• thorax
• legs



protective wing




• wings (2 different kinds- actual wings and then ones that protect them)

• ovipositor (only in females)

Internal Stuctures:

• veins




inside of our grasshopper


• esophagus: muscular tube that conveys food from the pharynx to the crop
• crop: storage organ
• stomach
• tracheal system: respiratory organ-air enters spiracles, leads to tracheae (branching tubules-branch repeatedly, reach individual cells or small groups of cells in the body)
• spiracles: small opening in body wall
• auditory membranes



Earthworm Dissection

External Structures:

http://www.naturewatch.ca/english/wormwatch/resources/anatomy.html

• Prostomium: sensory device (helps them feel their way through the soil)
• Clitellum: produces most of the material secreted from earthworm cocoons
• tubercula pubertatis: used to identify mature earthworms
• anterior: head end of the worm (usually more pointed)
• posterior: tail end of the worm
• Ventral: bottom side of worm

Internal Structures:

http://www.infovisual.info/02/006_en.html

• Ventral nerve cord: nerves that are in the abdomen
• Seminal receptacle: pocket related to the semen of an earthworm
• Nephridium: organ that performs the functions of kidneys
• Gizzard: pocket used as a stomach
• Crop: buldge of the esophagus
• Seminal Vessicles: small hollow organs that carry semen
• Esophagus: part of digestive tract

Jointed Appendages and Embryology Research

Websites:

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalclassification/Polygenetic/phylogenetictree/phylogenetictree.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/28751/review/animals/8.html
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/mollusca.html

How Invertebrates Move:

• Annelida (earth worms, leeches, marine worms) have segmented bodies and simple appendages, move by their various muscles and their appendages,
• Mollusca (squid, snails, slugs) glide by using cillia or ventral muscular waves
• Arthropoda (crab, shrimp lobster) move by their jointed appendages, exoskeleton and segmented bodies)

• Echindoermata (starfish, sea urchins, etc.) move by using suckered "tube feet" or nudging themselves across the bottom of the ocean floor

• Cnideria (jellyfish)Platyhelminthes (flat worms) and Nemotoda (round worms) move by gliding using cilia and swimming (pulse rhythmically-pulling it forwards

Embryology:

Embryology:

Chordata:

Echidermata:

Arthropoda:

Mollusca:

Annelida:

Nemotoda:

Platyhelminthes:

Cnideria:

http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/biodiversity/loe/page_13.htm

·         Reproduce by releasing eggs and sperm into the sea

·         Fertilized egg develops into free swimming creature

·         Settles at the bottom of the sea

·         Develops into tiny flower-like organism (called polyp)

·         Polyp bud in a different – produce medusa- detach themselves and are free swimming again

Development Stage:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-blastula.htm

Zygote (fertilized egg)) divides (process called cleavage), these first divisions creates a solid ball of cells called morula

Blastula then forms when dividing cells create a layer called blastoderm that surrounds the central cavity (this transition from the morula to the blastula is called blastulation

Gastrulation is the next embryonic structure (gastrula)

Blastula: early stage of an embryo by the division of an ovum (liquid-filled sphere whose wall is made of a single layer of cells), implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs

Research

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/animalcellstructure.htm
Website:

1. What are the characteristics of an animal cell?(kingdom Animalia)

• Eukaryotic
• enclosed by a plasma membrane, containing membrane-bound nucleus and organelle
• animal tissues bound together by a triple helix of protein called collagen
• Centrioles: self replicating organelles (made up of microtubules), help organize cell division

    2.   What are the characteristics that all animals share?

• eukaryotic
• multicellular organisms with ways of moving that help them reproduce, obtain food and protect them selves
• do not have cell walls
• heterotrophic
• depend directly or indirectly on aurotrophs for food

    3.   What are invertebrates?

animal that does not have a backbone

  
   4.   What are vertebrates?

animals with an endoskeleton(internal skeleton that provides support for animals body) and a backbone